Abstarct: This research aims to identify, explain, and analyze the key factors influencing sustainable agricultural development in Iraq, examining its economic, institutional, social, and environmental dimensions. The study seeks to understand the mechanisms through which various variables contribute to the sustainability or unsustainability of the agricultural sector, analyzing how the combination of government support policies, water resource limitations, and farmer behavior impacts agricultural resilience. The main research question is: How and to what extent do economic, institutional, social, and environmental factors affect sustainable agricultural development in Iraq? Sub-questions specifically investigate the roles of economic factors (investment, credit access, input costs), institutional factors (governance quality, policy effectiveness), social factors (farmer education, attitudes), and environmental factors (water resources, soil, climate) in Iraq’s sustainable agricultural development. The main hypothesis posits that sustainable agricultural development in Iraq is significantly influenced by a combination of economic, institutional, social, and environmental factors. Subsidiary hypotheses assume positive and significant impacts of each of these dimensions on sustainable agricultural development. By providing an analytical frxamework, this research endeavors to synthesize its findings to support policy-making in Iraq’s sustainable agriculture sector.